State Trade Licenses for Electricians, Plumbers & More
Many trades that involve public safety, such as electrical, plumbing, gas and HVAC work, require a license. Licensing rules are set by states, and sometimes by cities and counties, so they differ a lot from place to place.
- Tradespeople
- Contractors
- Homeowners
Common license levels
- Apprentice or trainee: works under supervision while learning, often registered with the state and tracked by hours.
- Journeyman: has completed an apprenticeship or enough experience and passed an exam. May work independently under a contractor's license in many places.
- Master or contractor: additional experience and exams. May pull permits, run a business, supervise others and sign for work.
- Some places have specialty licenses for fire alarm, low voltage, refrigeration, medical gas, backflow testing or limited work.
See Apprenticeships.
Typical requirements
- Education or an apprenticeship and a set number of hours of supervised experience
- A written exam on code and trade knowledge, and sometimes a business law exam
- Application fees and background checks
- Proof of insurance or a bond for contractors
- Continuing education and periodic renewal
Reciprocity and moving
- Some states have reciprocity agreements that recognize licenses from other states, often with extra tests or experience proof.
- Hours and exams from other states may count in part. Contact the licensing board before you move or take a job.
- City or county licenses may be required in addition to the state license.
Why it matters
- Licensing aims to ensure competent work that meets code, protecting occupants from fire, shock, gas leaks and contamination.
- Permit and inspection rules often require a license holder to pull the permit. See DIY Electrical Work and DIY Plumbing & Gas Work.
- Homeowners should check a contractor's license before hiring. See Hiring Contractors.
Unlicensed work can bring fines, loss of the right to collect payment, denied insurance claims and criminal penalties in some places.
How to check
- Look up your state's contractor or trade licensing board website
- Verify a license number, status, expiration and complaints
- Ask your local building department about city or county rules
- Keep copies of your license and training records
Standards & references
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